Data Manipulation

Code for Quiz 5. More practice with dplyr functions.

1. Load the R packages we will use.

library(tidyverse)

2. Read the data in the file, ‘drug_cos.csv’ in to R and assign it to ‘drug_cos’.

drug_cos <- read_csv("https://estanny.com/static/week5/drug_cos.csv")

3. Use ‘glimpse()’ to get a glimpse of your data.

glimpse(drug_cos)

Rows: 104
Columns: 9
$ ticker       <chr> "ZTS", "ZTS", "ZTS", "ZTS", "ZTS", "ZTS", "Z...
$ name         <chr> "Zoetis Inc", "Zoetis Inc", "Zoetis Inc", "Z...
$ location     <chr> "New Jersey; U.S.A", "New Jersey; U.S.A", "N...
$ ebitdamargin <dbl> 0.149, 0.217, 0.222, 0.238, 0.182, 0.335, 0....
$ grossmargin  <dbl> 0.610, 0.640, 0.634, 0.641, 0.635, 0.659, 0....
$ netmargin    <dbl> 0.058, 0.101, 0.111, 0.122, 0.071, 0.168, 0....
$ ros          <dbl> 0.101, 0.171, 0.176, 0.195, 0.140, 0.286, 0....
$ roe          <dbl> 0.069, 0.113, 0.612, 0.465, 0.285, 0.587, 0....
$ year         <dbl> 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 20...

4. Use ‘distinct()’ to subset distinct rows.

drug_cos %>% 
  distinct(year)

# A tibble: 8 x 1
   year
  <dbl>
1  2011
2  2012
3  2013
4  2014
5  2015
6  2016
7  2017
8  2018

5. Use ‘count()’ to count observations by group.

drug_cos %>% 
  count(year)

# A tibble: 8 x 2
   year     n
* <dbl> <int>
1  2011    13
2  2012    13
3  2013    13
4  2014    13
5  2015    13
6  2016    13
7  2017    13
8  2018    13

drug_cos %>% 
  count(name)

# A tibble: 13 x 2
   name                        n
 * <chr>                   <int>
 1 AbbVie Inc                  8
 2 Allergan plc                8
 3 Amgen Inc                   8
 4 Biogen Inc                  8
 5 Bristol Myers Squibb Co     8
 6 ELI LILLY & Co              8
 7 Gilead Sciences Inc         8
 8 Johnson & Johnson           8
 9 Merck & Co Inc              8
10 Mylan NV                    8
11 PERRIGO Co plc              8
12 Pfizer Inc                  8
13 Zoetis Inc                  8

drug_cos %>% 
  count(ticker, name)

# A tibble: 13 x 3
   ticker name                        n
   <chr>  <chr>                   <int>
 1 ABBV   AbbVie Inc                  8
 2 AGN    Allergan plc                8
 3 AMGN   Amgen Inc                   8
 4 BIIB   Biogen Inc                  8
 5 BMY    Bristol Myers Squibb Co     8
 6 GILD   Gilead Sciences Inc         8
 7 JNJ    Johnson & Johnson           8
 8 LLY    ELI LILLY & Co              8
 9 MRK    Merck & Co Inc              8
10 MYL    Mylan NV                    8
11 PFE    Pfizer Inc                  8
12 PRGO   PERRIGO Co plc              8
13 ZTS    Zoetis Inc                  8

Use ‘filter()’ to extract rows that meet criteria.

6. Extract rows in non-consecutive years

drug_cos %>% 
  filter(year %in% c(2013, 2018))

# A tibble: 26 x 9
   ticker name  location ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin   ros
   <chr>  <chr> <chr>           <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
 1 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.222       0.634     0.111 0.176
 2 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.379       0.672     0.245 0.326
 3 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.236       0.362     0.125 0.19 
 4 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.178       0.387     0.028 0.088
 5 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.634       0.814     0.427 0.51 
 6 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.34        0.79      0.208 0.221
 7 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.228       0.44      0.09  0.153
 8 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.258       0.35      0.031 0.074
 9 MRK    Merc~ New Jer~        0.282       0.615     0.1   0.123
10 MRK    Merc~ New Jer~        0.313       0.681     0.147 0.206
# ... with 16 more rows, and 2 more variables: roe <dbl>, year <dbl>

7. Extract every other year from 2012 to 2018

drug_cos %>% 
  filter(year %in% seq(2012,2019, by = 2))

# A tibble: 52 x 9
   ticker name  location ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin    ros
   <chr>  <chr> <chr>           <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>  <dbl>
 1 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.217       0.64      0.101  0.171
 2 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.238       0.641     0.122  0.195
 3 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.335       0.659     0.168  0.286
 4 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.379       0.672     0.245  0.326
 5 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.226       0.345     0.127  0.183
 6 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.157       0.371     0.059  0.104
 7 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland        -0.791       0.389    -0.76  -0.877
 8 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.178       0.387     0.028  0.088
 9 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.447       0.82      0.267  0.307
10 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.359       0.807     0.184  0.247
# ... with 42 more rows, and 2 more variables: roe <dbl>, year <dbl>

8. Extract tickers “PFE” and “MYL”

drug_cos %>% 
  filter(ticker %in% c("PFE", "MYL"))

# A tibble: 16 x 9
   ticker name  location ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin   ros
   <chr>  <chr> <chr>           <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
 1 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.371       0.795     0.164 0.223
 2 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.447       0.82      0.267 0.307
 3 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.634       0.814     0.427 0.51 
 4 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.359       0.807     0.184 0.247
 5 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.289       0.803     0.142 0.183
 6 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.267       0.767     0.137 0.158
 7 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.353       0.786     0.406 0.233
 8 PFE    Pfiz~ New Yor~        0.34        0.79      0.208 0.221
 9 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.245       0.418     0.088 0.161
10 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.244       0.428     0.094 0.163
11 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.228       0.44      0.09  0.153
12 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.242       0.457     0.12  0.169
13 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.243       0.447     0.09  0.133
14 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.19        0.424     0.043 0.052
15 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.272       0.402     0.058 0.121
16 MYL    Myla~ United ~        0.258       0.35      0.031 0.074
# ... with 2 more variables: roe <dbl>, year <dbl>

Use ‘select()’ to select, rename, and reorder colums

9. Select comlums ‘ticker’, ‘name’, and ‘ros’

drug_cos %>% 
  select(ticker,name,ros)

# A tibble: 104 x 3
   ticker name             ros
   <chr>  <chr>          <dbl>
 1 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.101
 2 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.171
 3 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.176
 4 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.195
 5 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.14 
 6 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.286
 7 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.321
 8 ZTS    Zoetis Inc     0.326
 9 PRGO   PERRIGO Co plc 0.178
10 PRGO   PERRIGO Co plc 0.183
# ... with 94 more rows

10. Use ‘select’ to exclude columns ‘ticker,’ ‘name’, and ‘ros’

drug_cos %>% 
  select(-ticker, -name, -ros)

# A tibble: 104 x 6
   location          ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin   roe  year
   <chr>                    <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl> <dbl>
 1 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.149       0.61      0.058 0.069  2011
 2 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.217       0.64      0.101 0.113  2012
 3 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.222       0.634     0.111 0.612  2013
 4 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.238       0.641     0.122 0.465  2014
 5 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.182       0.635     0.071 0.285  2015
 6 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.335       0.659     0.168 0.587  2016
 7 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.366       0.666     0.163 0.488  2017
 8 New Jersey; U.S.A        0.379       0.672     0.245 0.694  2018
 9 Ireland                  0.216       0.343     0.123 0.248  2011
10 Ireland                  0.226       0.345     0.127 0.236  2012
# ... with 94 more rows

11. Rename and reorder columns with ‘select’

• start with ‘drug_cos’ THEN
• change the name of ‘location’ to ‘headquarter’
• put columns in this order: ‘year’, ‘ticker’, ‘headquarter’, ‘netmargin’, ‘roe’

drug_cos %>% 
  select(year, ticker, headquarter =location, netmargin, roe)

# A tibble: 104 x 5
    year ticker headquarter       netmargin   roe
   <dbl> <chr>  <chr>                 <dbl> <dbl>
 1  2011 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.058 0.069
 2  2012 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.101 0.113
 3  2013 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.111 0.612
 4  2014 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.122 0.465
 5  2015 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.071 0.285
 6  2016 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.168 0.587
 7  2017 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.163 0.488
 8  2018 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A     0.245 0.694
 9  2011 PRGO   Ireland               0.123 0.248
10  2012 PRGO   Ireland               0.127 0.236
# ... with 94 more rows

Question: filter and select

Use inputs from quiz question filter and select and replace see quiz with inputs from your quiz and replace *??? in the code - start with ‘drug_cos’ THEN - extract info for the tickers PFE, MRK, and BMY THEN - select the variables ‘ticker’, ‘year’ and ‘ros’

drug_cos %>% 
  filter(ticker %in% c("PFE", "MRK", "BMY")) %>% 
  select(ticker, year, ros)

# A tibble: 24 x 3
   ticker  year   ros
   <chr>  <dbl> <dbl>
 1 PFE     2011 0.223
 2 PFE     2012 0.307
 3 PFE     2013 0.51 
 4 PFE     2014 0.247
 5 PFE     2015 0.183
 6 PFE     2016 0.158
 7 PFE     2017 0.233
 8 PFE     2018 0.221
 9 MRK     2011 0.15 
10 MRK     2012 0.182
# ... with 14 more rows

Question: rename

• start with ‘drug_cos’ THEN
• extract information for the tickers AMGN, BMY THEN
• select the variables ‘ticker’, ‘netmargin’, and ‘roe’, Change name of ‘roe’ to ‘return_on_equity’

drug_cos %>% 
  filter(ticker %in% c("AMGN", "BMY")) %>% 
  select(ticker, netmargin, return_on_equity = roe)

# A tibble: 16 x 3
   ticker netmargin return_on_equity
   <chr>      <dbl>            <dbl>
 1 BMY        0.175            0.229
 2 BMY        0.111            0.131
 3 BMY        0.156            0.177
 4 BMY        0.126            0.132
 5 BMY        0.095            0.104
 6 BMY        0.229            0.292
 7 BMY        0.048            0.072
 8 BMY        0.218            0.373
 9 AMGN       0.236            0.158
10 AMGN       0.252            0.225
11 AMGN       0.272            0.242
12 AMGN       0.257            0.21 
13 AMGN       0.32             0.252
14 AMGN       0.336            0.259
15 AMGN       0.087            0.066
16 AMGN       0.353            0.585

12. ‘select’ ranges of colums

• by name

drug_cos %>%  
  select(ebitdamargin:netmargin)

# A tibble: 104 x 3
   ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin
          <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>
 1        0.149       0.61      0.058
 2        0.217       0.64      0.101
 3        0.222       0.634     0.111
 4        0.238       0.641     0.122
 5        0.182       0.635     0.071
 6        0.335       0.659     0.168
 7        0.366       0.666     0.163
 8        0.379       0.672     0.245
 9        0.216       0.343     0.123
10        0.226       0.345     0.127
# ... with 94 more rows

• by position

drug_cos %>% 
  select(4:6)

# A tibble: 104 x 3
   ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin
          <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>
 1        0.149       0.61      0.058
 2        0.217       0.64      0.101
 3        0.222       0.634     0.111
 4        0.238       0.641     0.122
 5        0.182       0.635     0.071
 6        0.335       0.659     0.168
 7        0.366       0.666     0.163
 8        0.379       0.672     0.245
 9        0.216       0.343     0.123
10        0.226       0.345     0.127
# ... with 94 more rows

13. ‘select’ helper functions

• ‘starts_with(“abc”)’ matches columns start with “abc”
• ’ends_with(“abc”) matches columns end with “abc”
• ’contains(“abc”) matches columns contain “abc”

drug_cos %>% 
  select(ticker, contains("locat"))

# A tibble: 104 x 2
   ticker location         
   <chr>  <chr>            
 1 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 2 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 3 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 4 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 5 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 6 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 7 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 8 ZTS    New Jersey; U.S.A
 9 PRGO   Ireland          
10 PRGO   Ireland          
# ... with 94 more rows

drug_cos %>% 
  select(ticker, starts_with("r"))

# A tibble: 104 x 3
   ticker   ros   roe
   <chr>  <dbl> <dbl>
 1 ZTS    0.101 0.069
 2 ZTS    0.171 0.113
 3 ZTS    0.176 0.612
 4 ZTS    0.195 0.465
 5 ZTS    0.14  0.285
 6 ZTS    0.286 0.587
 7 ZTS    0.321 0.488
 8 ZTS    0.326 0.694
 9 PRGO   0.178 0.248
10 PRGO   0.183 0.236
# ... with 94 more rows

drug_cos %>%  
  select(year, ends_with("margin"))

# A tibble: 104 x 4
    year ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin
   <dbl>        <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl>
 1  2011        0.149       0.61      0.058
 2  2012        0.217       0.64      0.101
 3  2013        0.222       0.634     0.111
 4  2014        0.238       0.641     0.122
 5  2015        0.182       0.635     0.071
 6  2016        0.335       0.659     0.168
 7  2017        0.366       0.666     0.163
 8  2018        0.379       0.672     0.245
 9  2011        0.216       0.343     0.123
10  2012        0.226       0.345     0.127
# ... with 94 more rows

USe ‘group_by’ to set up data for operations by group

14. ‘group_by’

drug_cos %>%  
  group_by(ticker)

# A tibble: 104 x 9
# Groups:   ticker [13]
   ticker name  location ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin   ros
   <chr>  <chr> <chr>           <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
 1 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.149       0.61      0.058 0.101
 2 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.217       0.64      0.101 0.171
 3 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.222       0.634     0.111 0.176
 4 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.238       0.641     0.122 0.195
 5 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.182       0.635     0.071 0.14 
 6 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.335       0.659     0.168 0.286
 7 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.366       0.666     0.163 0.321
 8 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.379       0.672     0.245 0.326
 9 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.216       0.343     0.123 0.178
10 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.226       0.345     0.127 0.183
# ... with 94 more rows, and 2 more variables: roe <dbl>, year <dbl>

drug_cos %>% 
  group_by(year)

# A tibble: 104 x 9
# Groups:   year [8]
   ticker name  location ebitdamargin grossmargin netmargin   ros
   <chr>  <chr> <chr>           <dbl>       <dbl>     <dbl> <dbl>
 1 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.149       0.61      0.058 0.101
 2 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.217       0.64      0.101 0.171
 3 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.222       0.634     0.111 0.176
 4 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.238       0.641     0.122 0.195
 5 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.182       0.635     0.071 0.14 
 6 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.335       0.659     0.168 0.286
 7 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.366       0.666     0.163 0.321
 8 ZTS    Zoet~ New Jer~        0.379       0.672     0.245 0.326
 9 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.216       0.343     0.123 0.178
10 PRGO   PERR~ Ireland         0.226       0.345     0.127 0.183
# ... with 94 more rows, and 2 more variables: roe <dbl>, year <dbl>

Use ‘summarize’ to calculate summary statistics

15. Maximum ‘roe’ for all companies

drug_cos %>% 
  summarize(max_roe = max(roe))

# A tibble: 1 x 1
  max_roe
    <dbl>
1    1.31

• maximum ‘roe’ for each ‘year’

drug_cos %>% 
  group_by(year) %>% 
  summarize( max_roe = max(roe))

# A tibble: 8 x 2
   year max_roe
* <dbl>   <dbl>
1  2011   0.451
2  2012   0.69 
3  2013   1.13 
4  2014   0.828
5  2015   1.31 
6  2016   1.11 
7  2017   0.932
8  2018   0.694

• maximum ‘roe’ for each ‘ticker’

drug_cos %>% 
  group_by(ticker) %>% 
  summarize( max_roe = max(roe))

# A tibble: 13 x 2
   ticker max_roe
 * <chr>    <dbl>
 1 ABBV     1.31 
 2 AGN      0.184
 3 AMGN     0.585
 4 BIIB     0.334
 5 BMY      0.373
 6 GILD     1.04 
 7 JNJ      0.244
 8 LLY      0.306
 9 MRK      0.248
10 MYL      0.283
11 PFE      0.342
12 PRGO     0.248
13 ZTS      0.694

Question: summarize

Mean for year

• Find the mean ros for each ‘year’ and call the variable ‘mean_ros’

• Extract the mean for 2012

drug_cos %>% 
  group_by(year) %>% 
  summarize(mean_ros = mean(ros)) %>% 
  filter( year == 2012)

# A tibble: 1 x 2
   year mean_ros
  <dbl>    <dbl>
1  2012    0.234

• The mean See quiz for see quiz is ?? or ??%

Median for year

• Find median ros for each ‘year’ and call the variable **median_ros

• Extract the median for 2012

drug_cos %>% 
  group_by(year) %>% 
  summarize(median_ros = median(ros)) %>% 
  filter( year == 2012)

# A tibble: 1 x 2
   year median_ros
  <dbl>      <dbl>
1  2012      0.218

16. Pick a ration and a year and compare the companies

drug_cos %>% 
  filter(year == 2017) %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = netmargin, y = reorder(name, netmargin))) +
  geom_col() +
  scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
  labs(title = "Comparison of net margin",
       subtitle = "for drug companies during 2017",
       x = NULL, y = NULL) +
  theme_classic()

17. Pick a company and a ratio and compare the ratio over time

drug_cos %>% 
  filter(ticker== "ZTS") %>% 
  ggplot(aes(x = year, y = netmargin)) +
  geom_col() +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent) +
  labs(title = "Comparison of net margin",
       subtitle = "for Zoetis Inc. from 2011 to 2018",
       x = NULL, y = NULL) +
  theme_classic()

ggsave(filename = "preview.png",
       path = here::here("_posts", "2021-03-05-data-manipulation"))